App Archives - Future of Life Institute https://futureoflife.org/category/app/ Preserving the long-term future of life. Tue, 04 Apr 2023 22:05:17 +0000 en-US hourly 1 https://wordpress.org/?v=6.6.1 AI Value Alignment Research Landscape https://futureoflife.org/valuealignmentmap/ Fri, 16 Nov 2018 16:58:00 +0000 https://futureoflife.org/?post_type=resource&p=41627 This landscape synthesizes a variety of AI safety research agendas along with other papers in AI, machine learning, ethics, governance, and AI safety, robustness, and beneficence research. It lays out what technical research threads can help us to create beneficial AI, and describes how these many topics tie together.

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Responsible Nuclear Divestment https://futureoflife.org/resource/invest/ Wed, 21 Jun 2017 00:00:00 +0000 https://futureoflife.org/resource/invest/

Only 30 companies worldwide are involved in the creation of nuclear weapons, cluster munitions and/or landmines. Yet a significant number of popular funds invest in these companies. Happily there are still a large number of funds that are relatively unconnected with the creation of these inhumane and indiscriminate weapons, which means you can start investing in a beneficial future for all.

Are you investing in the world’s worst weapons?

Enter your funds below to find out:

 
FLI believes that spending more money producing nuclear weapons makes us less safe, as explained in this 3-minute video: deterrence requires way less than 7,000 nukes and building more increases the risk of accidental nuclear war and nuclear winter killing most people on Earth (source).
Prohibited by the 2008 Convention on Cluster Munitions which over 100 nations have joined, cluster munitions pose an immediate threat to civilians during conflict by randomly scattering submunitions or bomblets over an area the size of a football field and continue to pose a threat post-conflict by leaving remnants, including submunitions, which fail to explode upon impact, becoming de facto landmines (source).
Prohibited by the Mine Ban Treaty which over 160 nation have joined, antipersonnel mines are indiscriminate weapons that injure and kill civilians across the globe on a daily basis. Lying in wait for their victims, they don’t recognize ceasefires and continue to kill and maim long after the end of conflicts, instilling fear in communities and providing a lethal barrier to development (source).
Data on fund holdings come from Morningstar via a partnership with As You Sow.
Data on indirect investments come from the 2015 PAX/Profundo nuclear weapon report, and the 2014 PAX/Profundo cluster munition report.
Divestment helps stigmatize, which played a key role e.g. in ending Apartheid in South Africa. Divestment pressure persuaded Lockheed Martin to stop making Cluster Munitions and, in 2015, it persuaded one of only two remaining landmine producing companies, Singapore Technology and Engineering, to stop.

Worried about certain weapons more than others? Check the boxes below to search by funds specific to each, and click on the weapons to learn more about them.

Cluster Munitions Landmines Nuclear Weapons

Scroll below for responsible investment options.

Why Divest and From Which Companies?

Divestment helps stigmatize, which played a key role, for example, in ending Apartheid in South Africa. Divestment pressure persuaded Lockheed Martin to stop making Cluster Munitions and, in 2015, it persuaded one of only two remaining landmine producing companies, Singapore Technology and Engineering, to stop. And the companies below are the 30 companies still making cluster munitions, landmines, and nuclear weapons. Ready to stigmatize? (Hover over each logo to see what weapons the companies make.)

AECOMAerojet Rocketdyne Holdings, Inc.Airbus GroupBAE SystemsBabcock
BechtelBoeing Company (The)CH2M HillChina Aerospace Science and TechnologyEngility Holdings, Inc.
FinmeccanicaFluor CorporationGeneral Dynamics CorporationHanwhaHoneywell International Inc.
Huntington Ingalls Industries, Inc.Jacobs Engineering Group Inc.Larsen & ToubroLockheed Martin CorporationMoog Inc.
NorincoNorthrop Grumman CorporationOrbital ATK, Inc.PoongsanRaytheon Company
Safran SASerco Group PLCTextron Inc.Thales SAWalchandnagar Industries
Aecom provides professional technical and management support services and is part of the joint venture that manages the Nevada National Security Site (NNSS), previously known as the Nevada Test Site, a key fixture in the US nuclear weapons infrastructure. 
Aerojet Rocketdyne, formerly known as GenCorp is involved in the design, development and production of land- and sea-based nuclear ballistic missile systems for the United States. It is currently producing propulsion systems for Minuteman III and D5 Trident nuclear missiles. 
Airbus is a Dutch company that produces and maintains the M51 submarine-launched nuclear missiles for the French navy. Through joint venture MBDA, Airbus is also providing mediumrange air-to-surface missiles to the French air force. 
BAE Systems is involved in the US and UK Trident II (D5) strategic weapons system programmes. It is also the prime contractor for the US Minuteman III Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) system. BAE Systems is also part of the joint venture providing medium-range air-to-surface missiles for France. 
Babcock & Wilcox manages and operates several US nuclear weapons facilities including the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Los Alamos National Laboratory, and Nevada National Security Site (NNSS), previously known as the Nevada Test Site, each of which are engaged in various aspects of nuclear warhead modernisation. 
Bechtel manages the Los Alamos and Lawrence Livermore national laboratories in the US, which play an important role in the research, design, development and production of nuclear weapons. It also leads the joint venture for management and operation of the Y-12 National Security Complex in Tennessee and the Pantex Plant in Texas. 
Boeing is involved in the maintenance of the Minuteman III nuclear intercontinental ballistic missiles in the US arsenal. It also provides the US and UK Trident II (D5) with maintenance, repair, and rebuilding and technical services. 
CH2M Hill is one of the joint venture partners in National Security Technologies (NSTec) that manages the Nevada National Security Site (NNSS), previously known as the Nevada Test Site, a key fixture in the US nuclear weapons infrastructure. 
China Aerospace Science and Technology has a subsidiary, Sichuan Aerospace Industry Cooperation, which advertises cluster munitions on the product pages of its website. We found no evidence that it had ceased producing these types of cluster munitions since May 2008. 
In February 2015, Engility acquired US-based TASC. It is involved in the research and development for the Solid Rocket Motor Modernization Study of the Minuteman III system for the US arsenal. 
Finmeccanica is involved in the design, development and delivery of two Transporter Erector Replacement Vehicles to support the US Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) Minuteman III-fleet. It is also involved in the joint venture that supplies medium-range air-to-surface missiles for the French arsenal. 
Fluor is the lead partner responsible for the management and operation of the US Department of Energy�s Savannah River Site and Savannah River National Laboratory, the only source of new tritium for the US nuclear arsenal. 
General Dynamics provides a range of engineering, development, and production activities to support to US and UK Trident II Strategic Weapons Systems. It is also involved in the guidance systems of the Trident II (D5) nuclear missiles of the US Navy. 
After Singapore Teechnology & Engineering announced their halt of landmine production in 2015, Hanwha is the only remaining private company producing known to produce landmines, with recent products including KM74 antipersonnel mines and Claymore directional fragmentation mines. Hanwha is also listed as a cluster munition producer because it marketed the MPSM submunitions on its website after May 2008, produced DPICM submunitions and 227 mm MLRS at least until 2011 and marketed the 2.75'' submunitions and 120 mm mortar bombs with cluster ammunition in 2011. There is no evidence that it has ceased production of this type of submunitions since May 2008. 
Honeywell International manages and operates the National Security Campus where an estimated 85% of the non-nuclear components for US nuclear weapons are produced. It is also involved in tritium production at the Savannah River Site and produces components for integrated circuits for the Trident II (D5) nuclear missiles of the US arsenal. 
Huntington Ingalls Industries is involved in management of the US nuclear arsenal, and in tritium production at the Savannah River Site, the only source of new tritium for the US nuclear arsenal. 
Jacobs Engineering Group is involved in the joint venture AWE-ML, which manages the UK Atomic Weapons Establishment, that designs, manufactures and maintains nuclear warheads for the UK. 
Larsen & Toubro is responsible for developing the launcher system for the nuclear-capable shortrange surface-to-air Akash missile system for the Indian nuclear arsenal. 
Lockheed Martin is responsible for the construction of the Trident II (D5) nuclear missiles for the US and the UK. It is also involved in the production and maintenance of the Minuteman III nuclear intercontinental ballistic missiles for the US. It is part of the joint venture AWE-ML, which manages the UK Atomic Weapons Establishment, that designs, manufactures and maintains nuclear warheads for the UK. 
Moog develops launch vehicle and strategic missile controls for the Minuteman III and Trident (D5) missiles for the US nuclear arsenal. 
There is evidence that Norinco has produced cluster munitions after May 2008. The company has not publicly stated that it will end its involvement within the coming 12 months. 
Northrop Grumman is involved with production and maintenance of the Minuteman III nuclear Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBM) for the US nuclear arsenal. It also provides support for the Trident II (D5) system for the US and the UK. It is also part of the joint venture that manages the Nevada National Security Site (NNSS), previously known as the Nevada Test Site, a key fixture in the US nuclear weapons infrastructure. 
Orbital ATK (formerly known as ATK or Alliant Techsystems) produces rocket propulsion systems for Trident II submarine launched ballistic missiles. Orbital ATK is also responsible for refurbishing all three solid propellant stages of the Minuteman III Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) for the US. It is also involved in the joint venture for management and operation of the Y-12 National Security Complex in Tennessee and the Pantex Plant in Texas. In August 2013, the Council on Ethics for the Norwegian Government Pension Fund Global decided to stop considering ATK a producer of cluster munitions because the company no longer advertises production of CBU-87/B cluster munitions and BLU-108 submunitions. However, the 2014 PAX/Profundo-report continues to list ATK (now part of Orbital ATK) on their cluster munition producer list in the absense of a public statement about halting production, and because of their activities in relation to the SFW propulsion system. 
There is evidence that Poongsan produced DPICM K308 and K310 cluster munitions and marketed the K305 after May 2008. No evidence was found that these types of cluster munitions were no longer produced since then. The company has not publicly stated that it will end its involvement within the coming 12 months. 
Raytheon is involved in a project to stretch the life-cycle of the guidance systems of the Trident II (D5) nuclear missiles of the US Navy. It is also involved in studies in support of the new W80-4 Long-Range Standoff missile for the US arsenal. 
Safran is part of a joint venture to build M51 submarine-launched nuclear missiles for the French navy, which each deliver multiple warheads. Its subsidiaries Snecma and Sagem provide the propulsion and navigation systems for these missiles. 
Serco owns a one-third share in the joint venture AWE-ML, which runs the UK Atomic Weapons Establishment. It is responsible for manufacturing and maintaining the nuclear warheads for the UK arsenal. 
Textron designs and builds re-entry vehicles for the US Minuteman III inter-continental ballistic missile (ICBM). Textron is also included on the Profundo/PAX list of cluster munition producers because there is sufficient evidence that Textron has produced the Sensor Fuzed Weapon (SFW) after May 2008. The company has not stated publicly that it will end its involvement in the coming 12 months. 
Thales is part of a joint venture to build the M51 submarine-launched nuclear missiles for the French navy. 
Walchandnagar Industries Limited supplies infrastructure and facilities for the production of the surface-to-air short-range Akash missile and the launching systems for Agni and Akash missiles for the Indian arsenal. It also manufactures the main thrust motor casing segment for the intercontinental ballistic Agni-V missile. 

Responsible Investing

Now that you know what you’re invested in and which companies you want to avoid, how do you choose alternative funds? Remember above where we said there are lots of alternative options? Get ready to start scrolling! The list below includes all of the funds that have absolutely no connection to weapons-producing companies, and further down are funds that aren’t directly invested in the weapons-producing companies you care about, but they still have indirect investments. Click on any of the funds to visit their websites, or just pass this list on to your financial advisor or planner for their help narrowing down where you want to put your money.

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Trillion Dollar Nukes https://futureoflife.org/resource/trillion-dollar-nukes/ Mon, 24 Oct 2016 20:21:44 +0000 https://futureoflife.org/uncategorized/trillion-dollar-nukes/ Would you spend $1.2 trillion tax dollars on nuclear weapons?

How much are nuclear weapons really worth? Is upgrading the US nuclear arsenal worth $1.2 trillion – in the hopes of never using it – when that money could be used to improve lives, create jobs, decrease taxes, or pay off debts? How far can $1.2 trillion go if it’s not all spent on nukes?

The application below helps answer those questions. Click on the icons on the left to ‘shop’ for items to add to your cart. See something you want to add? Just click on the title, and it will automatically be placed in your cart. To view your items or make changes, click on the shopping cart. From there, you can increase or decrease the amount of money allotted to each. If you want to maintain deterrence, but don’t support the whole upgrade, then just don’t spend all of the money – whatever is left over can be what you think nuclear upgrades are worth. When you’re done, click on the shopping cart, and share on social media to let your voice be heard!

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1100 Declassified U.S. Nuclear Targets https://futureoflife.org/resource/us-nuclear-targets/ Thu, 12 May 2016 17:35:50 +0000 https://futureoflife.org/uncategorized/us-nuclear-targets/ Click here to see this page in other languages:  German Germany_flag  Hindi India_Flag  Korean    Japanese  Russian Russian_Flag  Polish Poland_Flag  SpanishSpain_Flag

The National Security Archives recently published a declassified list of U.S. nuclear targets from 1956, which spanned 1,100 locations across Eastern Europe, Russia, China, and North Korea. The map below shows all 1,100 nuclear targets from that list, and we’ve partnered with NukeMap to demonstrate how catastrophic a nuclear exchange between the United States and Russia could be. If you click detonate from any of the dots, you can see how large an area would be destroyed by the bomb of your choice, as well as how many people could be killed.

Instructions

How to use the nukemap:

  1. Click on one of the dots on the map;
  2. Press detonate;
  3. Select what yield (explosive power) you would like to use;
  4. Press the red detonate button.

NOTE: This resource is not designed for use on mobile. Please view on desktop for the best experience.

 

If you can no longer see the nuclear target map, please scroll up.


Even though today’s nuclear targets list is classified, it probably doesn’t look dramatically different. The United States still has about 1,900 nuclear warheads deployed on missiles and bombers (with thousands more on reserve), ready to be launched at a moment’s notice and able to hit their targets within 30 minutes. This unstable situation is extremely risky and has repeatedly come close to triggering nuclear war by accident. Moreover, many of today’s hydrogen bombs are hundreds of times more powerful than the two atom bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. If a nuclear war were to break out today, nuclear winter might kill most people on Earth.

This leads to an important question: Just how many nuclear weapons do we actually need? Seven of the nine nuclear nations have determined that deterrence requires fewer than 300 nuclear weapons, and none of them have been attacked. Yet, not only do the United States and Russia each have approximately 7,000 nuclear warheads — accounting for 90% of the world’s arsenal – both countries are currently escalating the situation, making massive investments to enhance their arsenals with more accurate and lethal nuclear weapons. Many military analysts agree that the U.S. and Russia could easily meet their deterrence needs with much fewer nuclear weapons. Even the Pentagon has stated that the U.S. needs no more than 1,000 nukes to deter a nuclear attack. But don’t take their word for it: play with the map yourself and see just how destructive nuclear weapons can be!

1100 Nuclear Targets, Radioactive Fallout, and Weather

While the maps above show a general radius of nuclear destruction, weather patterns would play a role in how many people would be affected by nuclear fallout. Given that weather can change day to day, if we drop a nuclear bomb near a border in one country on the wrong day, innocent people in a neighboring country could also suffer the effects of radioactive fallout. How far and in which direction the radioactive materials travel would depend on the size of the bomb and the local weather. In the following graphics, Alex Wellerstein simulates two terrifying possibilities (We recommend viewing the following slideshows in the full-screen option to more easily see where the radioactive material will travel.):

1) What would have happened if all 1,100 nuclear targets were struck by a nuclear weapon of a given size on April 29, 2016?

In this slideshow, the bombs grow larger, and the nuclear fallout spreads farther from the target in a direction that’s dictated by the local weather patterns. Note that this slideshow doesn’t yet show the effect of nuclear winter: if enough smoke from nuclear fires rises high into the stratosphere, it can spread across our planet and trigger a decade-long mini-ice-age and farming collapse, potentially killing most of Earth’s 7 billion people.

2) How would the direction of radioactive fallout change if the bombs were dropped on three different days?

In this case, we use weather data from April 29, April 30 and May 1 of 2016 to see how the direction of nuclear fallout changes if 100 kt bombs were dropped on the 1,100 nuclear targets (typical bombs today are many times more powerful). Different weather patterns would send nuclear fallout in different directions on each day. Pay close attention to countries like Germany, Denmark and Finland, which could get hit with radioactive fallout if the nuclear targets were struck on the wrong day.

In the media

This map was also featured in:

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